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Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease)

Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Thyroid enlargement - scintiscan
Thyroid enlargement - scintiscan
Hashimoto's disease (chronic thyroiditis)
Hashimoto's disease (chronic thyroiditis)
Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland

Alternative Names    Return to top

Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis; Autoimmune thyroiditis

Definition    Return to top

Chronic thyroiditis is swelling (inflammation) of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function (hypothyroidism).

Causes    Return to top

Chronic thyroiditis or Hashimoto's disease is a common thyroid gland disorder. It can occur at any age, but is most often seen in middle-aged women. It is caused by a reaction of the immune system against the thyroid gland.

The disease begins slowly. It may take months or even years for the condition to be detected. Chronic thyroiditis is most common in women and people with a family history of thyroid disease. It affects between 0.1% and 5% of all adults in Western countries.

Hashimoto's disease may, in rare cases, be associated with other endocrine disorders caused by the immune system. Hashimoto's disease can occur with adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes. In these cases, the condition is called type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA II).

Less commonly, Hashimoto's disease occurs as part of a condition called type 1 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA I), along with:

Symptoms    Return to top

Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:

Note: There may be no symptoms.

Exams and Tests    Return to top

Laboratory tests to determine thyroid function include:

Imaging studies are generally not needed to diagnose Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

This disease may also change the results of the following tests:

Treatment    Return to top

A lack of thyroid hormone may develop. You may receive thyroid hormone replacement therapy (levothyroxine) if your body is not producing enough of the hormone. Or, you may receive it if you have signs of mild thyroid failure (such as elevated TSH). This condition is also known as subclinical hypothyroidism.

If there is no evidence of thyroid hormone deficiency, you may just need regular observation by a health care provider.

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

The outcome is usually very good. The disease stays stable for years. If it does slowly progress to thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism), it can be treated with thyroid replacement therapy.

Possible Complications    Return to top

This condition can occur with other autoimmune disorders. In rare cases, thyroid cancer may develop.

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of chronic thyroiditis.

Prevention    Return to top

There is no known way to prevent this disorder. Being aware of risk factors may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment.

References    Return to top

Ladenson P, Kim M. Thyroid. In: Goldman L and Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2007:chap 244.

Update Date: 6/17/2008

Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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